Digital Hill

Thucydides 1.115

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ἀναχωρήσαντες δὲ ἀπ᾽ Εὐβοίας οὐ πολλῷ ὕστερον σπονδὰς ἐποιήσαντο πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους καὶ τοὺς ξυμμάχους τριακοντούτεις, ἀποδόντες Νίσαιαν καὶ Πηγὰς καὶ Τροιζῆνα καὶ Ἀχαΐαν: ταῦτα γὰρ εἶχον Ἀθηναῖοι Πελοποννησίων. ἕκτῳ δὲ ἔτει Σαμίοις καὶ Μιλησίοις πόλεμος ἐγένετο περὶ Πριήνης, καὶ οἱ Μιλήσιοι ἐλασσούμενοι τῷ πολέμῳ παρ᾽ Ἀθηναίους ἐλθόντες κατεβόων τῶν Σαμίων. ξυνεπελάβοντο δὲ καὶ ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς Σάμου ἄνδρες ἰδιῶται νεωτερίσαι βουλόμενοι τὴν πολιτείαν. πλεύσαντες οὖν Ἀθηναῖοι ἐς Σάμον ναυσὶ τεσσαράκοντα δημοκρατίαν κατέστησαν, καὶ ὁμήρους ἔλαβον τῶν Σαμίων πεντήκοντα μὲν παῖδας, ἴσους δὲ ἄνδρας, καὶ κατέθεντο ἐς Λῆμνον, καὶ φρουρὰν ἐγκαταλιπόντες ἀνεχώρησαν. τῶν δὲ Σαμίων ἦσαν γάρ τινες οἳ οὐχ ὑπέμειναν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔφυγον ἐς τὴν ἤπειρον, ξυνθέμενοι τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει τοῖς δυνατωτάτοις καὶ Πισσούθνῃ τῷ Ὑστάσπου ξυμμαχίαν, ὃς εἶχε Σάρδεις τότε, ἐπικούρους τε ξυλλέξαντες ἐς ἑπτακοσίους διέβησαν ὑπὸ νύκτα ἐς τὴν Σάμον, καὶ πρῶτον μὲν τῷ δήμῳ ἐπανέστησαν καὶ ἐκράτησαν τῶν πλείστων, ἔπειτα τοὺς ὁμήρους ἐκκλέψαντες ἐκ Λήμνου τοὺς αὑτῶν ἀπέστησαν, καὶ τοὺς φρουροὺς τοὺς Ἀθηναίων καὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας οἳ ἦσαν παρὰ σφίσιν ἐξέδοσαν Πισσούθνῃ, ἐπί τε Μίλητον εὐθὺς παρεσκευάζοντο στρατεύειν. ξυναπέστησαν δ᾽ αὐτοῖς καὶ Βυζάντιοι.

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Not long after their return from Euboea, they made a truce with the Lacedaemonians and their allies for thirty years, giving up the posts which they occupied in Peloponnese, Nisaea, Pegae, Troezen, and Achaia. In the sixth year of the truce, war broke out between the Samians and Milesians about Priene. Worsted in the war, the Milesians came to Athens with loud complaints against the Samians. In this they were joined by certain private persons from Samos itself, who wished to revolutionize the government. Accordingly the Athenians sailed to Samos with forty ships and set up a democracy; took hostages from the Samians, fifty boys and as many men, lodged them in Lemnos, and after leaving a garrison in the island returned home. But some of the Samians had not remained in the island, but had fled to the continent. Making an agreement with the most powerful of those in the city, and an alliance with Pissuthnes, son of Hystaspes, the then satrap of Sardis, they got together a force of seven hundred mercenaries, and under cover of night crossed over to Samos. Their first step was to rise on the commons, most of whom they secured, their next to steal their hostages from Lemnos; after which they revolted, gave up the Athenian garrison left with them and its commanders to Pissuthnes, and instantly prepared for an expedition against Miletus. The Byzantines also revolted with them.

Thucydides 1.116

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Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ ὡς ᾔσθοντο, πλεύσαντες ναυσὶν ἑξήκοντα ἐπὶ Σάμου ταῖς μὲν ἑκκαίδεκα τῶν νεῶν οὐκ ἐχρήσαντο ἔτυχον γὰρ αἱ μὲν ἐπὶ Καρίας ἐς προσκοπὴν τῶν Φοινισσῶν νεῶν οἰχόμεναι, αἱ δὲ ἐπὶ Χίου καὶ Λέσβου περιαγγέλλουσαι βοηθεῖν, τεσσαράκοντα δὲ ναυσὶ καὶ τέσσαρσι Περικλέους δεκάτου αὐτοῦ στρατηγοῦντος ἐναυμάχησαν πρὸς Τραγίᾳ τῇ νήσῳ Σαμίων ναυσὶν ἑβδομήκοντα, ὧν ἦσαν αἱ εἴκοσι στρατιώτιδες ἔτυχον δὲ αἱ πᾶσαι ἀπὸ Μιλήτου πλέουσαι, καὶ ἐνίκων Ἀθηναῖοι. ὕστερον δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐβοήθησαν ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν νῆες τεσσαράκοντα καὶ Χίων καὶ Λεσβίων πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι, καὶ ἀποβάντες καὶ κρατοῦντες τῷ πεζῷ ἐπολιόρκουν τρισὶ τείχεσι τὴν πόλιν καὶ ἐκ θαλάσσης ἅμα. Περικλῆς δὲ λαβὼν ἑξήκοντα ναῦς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐφορμουσῶν ᾤχετο κατὰ τάχος ἐπὶ Καύνου καὶ Καρίας, ἐσαγγελθέντων ὅτι Φοίνισσαι νῆες ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς πλέουσιν· ᾤχετο γὰρ καὶ ἐκ τῆς Σάμου πέντε ναυσὶ Στησαγόρας καὶ ἄλλοι ἐπὶ τὰς Φοινίσσας.

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As soon as the Athenians heard the news, they sailed with sixty ships against Samos. Sixteen of these went to Caria to look out for the Phoenician fleet, and to Chios and Lesbos carrying round orders for reinforcements, and so never engaged; but forty four ships under the command of Pericles with nine colleagues gave battle, off the island of Tragia, to seventy Samian vessels, of which twenty were transports, as they were sailing from Miletus. Victory remained with the Athenians. Reinforced afterwards by forty ships from Athens, and twenty five Chian and Lesbian vessels, the Athenians landed, and having the superiority by land invested the city with three walls; it was also invested from the sea. Meanwhile Pericles took sixty ships from the blockading squadron, and departed in haste for Caunus and Caria, intelligence having been brought in of the approach of the Phoenician fleet to the aid of the Samians; indeed Stesagoras and others had left the island with five ships to bring them.

Thucydides 1.117

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ἐν τούτῳ δὲ οἱ Σάμιοι ἐξαπιναίως ἔκπλουν ποιησάμενοι ἀφάρκτῳ τῷ στρατοπέδῳ ἐπιπεσόντες τάς τε προφυλακίδας ναῦς διέφθειραν καὶ ναυμαχοῦντες τὰς ἀνταναγομένας ἐνίκησαν, καὶ τῆς θαλάσσης τῆς καθ᾽ ἑαυτοὺς ἐκράτησαν ἡμέρας περὶ τέσσαρας καὶ δέκα, καὶ ἐσεκομίσαντο καὶ ἐξεκομίσαντο ἃ ἐβούλοντο. ἐλθόντος δὲ Περικλέους πάλιν ταῖς ναυσὶ κατεκλῄσθησαν. καὶ ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν ὕστερον προσεβοήθησαν τεσσαράκοντα μὲν αἱ μετὰ Θουκυδίδου καὶ Ἅγνωνος καὶ Φορμίωνος νῆες, εἴκοσι δὲ αἱ μετὰ Τληπολέμου καὶ Ἀντικλέους, ἐκ δὲ Χίου καὶ Λέσβου τριάκοντα. καὶ ναυμαχίαν μέν τινα βραχεῖαν ἐποιήσαντο οἱ Σάμιοι, ἀδύνατοι δὲ ὄντες ἀντίσχειν ἐξεπολιορκήθησαν ἐνάτῳ μηνὶ καὶ προσεχώρησαν ὁμολογίᾳ, τεῖχός τε καθελόντες καὶ ὁμήρους δόντες καὶ ναῦς παραδόντες καὶ χρήματα τὰ ἀναλωθέντα ταξάμενοι κατὰ χρόνους ἀποδοῦναι. ξυνέβησαν δὲ καὶ Βυζάντιοι ὥσπερ καὶ πρότερον ὑπήκοοι εἶναι.

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But in the meantime the Samians made a sudden sally, and fell on the camp, which they found unfortified. Destroying the look-out vessels, and engaging and defeating such as were being launched to meet them, they remained masters of their own seas for fourteen days, and carried in and carried out what they pleased. But on the arrival of Pericles, they were once more shut up. Fresh reinforcements afterwards arrived forty ships from Athens with Thucydides, Hagnon, and Phormio; twenty with Tlepolemus and Anticles, and thirty vessels from Chios and Lesbos. After a brief attempt at fighting, the Samians, unable to hold out, were reduced after a nine months' siege, and surrendered on conditions; they razed their walls, gave hostages, delivered up their ships, and arranged to pay the expenses of the war by instalments. The Byzantines also agreed to be subject as before.

Diodorus 12.27

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ἐπ᾽ ἄρχοντος δ᾽ Ἀθήνησι Τιμοκλέους Σάμιοι μὲν πρὸς Μιλησίους περὶ Πριήνης ἀμφισβητήσαντες εἰς πόλεμον κατέστησαν, ὁρῶντες δὲ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους ταῖς εὐνοίαις διαφέροντας πρὸς Μιλησίους, ἀπέστησαν ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν. οἱ δὲ Περικλέα προχειρισάμενοι στρατηγὸν ἐξέπεμψαν ἐπὶ τοὺς Σαμίους ἔχοντα τριήρεις τετταράκοντα. οὗτος δὲ πλεύσας ἐπὶ τὴν Σάμον παρεισελθὼν δὲ καὶ τῆς πόλεως ἐγκρατὴς γενόμενος κατέστησε δημοκρατίαν ἐν αὐτῇ. πραξάμενος δὲ παρὰ τῶν Σαμίων ὀγδοήκοντα τάλαντα, καὶ τοὺς ἴσους ὁμήρους παῖδας λαβών, τούτους μὲν παρέδωκε τοῖς Λημνίοις, αὐτὸς δ᾽ ἐν ὀλίγαις ἡμέραις ἅπαντα συντετελεκὼς ἐπανῆλθεν εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας. ἐν δὲ τῇ Σάμῳ στάσεως γενομένης, καὶ τῶν μὲν αἱρουμένων τὴν δημοκρατίαν, τῶν δὲ βουλομένων τὴν ἀριστοκρατίαν εἶναι, ταραχὴ πολλὴ τὴν πόλιν ἐπεῖχε. τῶν δ᾽ ἐναντιουμένων τῇ δημοκρατίᾳ διαβάντων εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν καὶ πορευθέντων εἰς Σάρδεις πρὸς Πισσούθνην τὸν τῶν Περσῶν σατράπην περὶ βοηθείας, ὁ μὲν Πισσούθνης ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς στρατιώτας ἑπτακοσίους, ἐλπίζων τῆς Σάμου διὰ τούτου κυριεύσειν, οἱ δὲ Σάμιοι μετὰ τῶν δοθέντων αὐτοῖς στρατιωτῶν νυκτὸς πλεύσαντες εἰς τὴν Σάμον ἔλαθόν τε τὴν πόλιν παρεισελθόντες, τῶν πολιτῶν συνεργούντων, ῥᾳδίως τ᾽ ἐκράτησαν τῆς Σάμου, καὶ τοὺς ἀντιπράττοντας αὐτοῖς ἐξέβαλον ἐκ τῆς πόλεως· τοὺς δ᾽ ὁμήρους ἐκκλέψαντες ἐκ τῆς Λήμνου καὶ τὰ κατὰ τὴν Σάμον ἀσφαλισάμενοι, φανερῶς ἑαυτοὺς ἀπέδειξαν πολεμίους τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις. οἱ δὲ πάλιν Περικλέα προχειρισάμενοι στρατηγὸν ἐξέπεμψαν ἐπὶ τοὺς Σαμίους μετὰ νεῶν ἑξήκοντα. μετὰ δὲ ταῦθ᾽ ὁ μὲν Περικλῆς ναυμαχήσας πρὸς ἑβδομήκοντα τριήρεις ἐνίκησε τοὺς Σαμίους, μεταπεμψάμενος δὲ παρὰ Χίων καὶ Μυτιληναίων ναῦς εἴκοσι πέντε μετὰ τούτων ἐπολιόρκησε τὴν Σάμον. μετὰ δέ τινας ἡμέρας Περικλῆς μὲν καταλιπὼν μέρος τῆς δυνάμεως ἐπὶ τῆς πολιορκίας ἀνέζευξεν, ἀπαντήσων ταῖς Φοινίσσαις ναυσίν, ἃς οἱ Πέρσαι τοῖς Σαμίοις ἦσαν ἀπεσταλκότες.

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When Timocles was archon in Athens, the Samians went to war with the Milesians because of a quarrel over Priene, and when they saw that the Athenians were favouring the Milesians, they revolted from the Athenians. They thereupon chose Pericles as general and dispatched him with forty ships against the Samians. And sailing forth against Samos, Pericles got into the city and mastered it, and then established a democracy in it. He exacted of the Samians eighty talents and took an equal number of their young men as hostages, whom he put in the keeping of the Lemnians; then, after having finished everything in a few days, he returned to Athens. But civil discord arose in Samos, one party preferring the democracy and the other wanting an aristocracy, and the city was in utter tumult. The opponents of the democracy crossed over to Asia, and went on to Sardis to get aid from Pissuthnes, the Persian satrap. Pissuthnes gave them seven hundred soldiers, hoping that in this way he would get the mastery of the island, and the Samians, sailing to Samos by night with the soldiers which had been given them, slipped unnoticed into the city with the aid of the citizens, seized the island without difficulty, and expelled from the city those who opposed them. Then, after they had stolen and carried off the hostages from Lemnos and had made everything secure in Samos, they publicly declared themselves to be enemies of the Athenians. The Athenians again chose Pericles as general and dispatched him against the Samians with sixty ships. Thereupon Pericles fought a naval battle against seventy triremes of the Samians and defeated them; and then, summoning twenty-five ships from the Chians and Mytilenaeans, together with them he laid siege to the city of Samos. But a few days later Pericles left a part of his force to continue the siege and set out to sea to meet the Phoenician ships which the Persians had dispatched to the aid of the Samians.

Diodorus 12.28

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οἱ δὲ Σάμιοι διὰ τὴν ἀνάζευξιν τοῦ Περικλέους νομίζοντες ἔχειν καιρὸν ἐπιτήδειον εἰς ἐπίθεσιν ταῖς ἀπολελειμμέναις ναυσίν, ἐπέπλευσαν ἐπ᾽ αὐτάς, καὶ νικήσαντες τῇ ναυμαχίᾳ φρονήματος ἐπληροῦντο. ὁ δὲ Περικλῆς ἀκούσας τὴν τῶν ἰδίων ἧτταν, εὐθὺς ὑπέστρεψε καὶ στόλον ἀξιόλογον ἤθροισε, βουλόμενος εἰς τέλος συντρῖψαι τὸν τῶν ἐναντίων στόλον. ταχὺ δ᾽ ἀποστειλάντων Ἀθηναίων μὲν ἑξήκοντα τριήρεις, Χίων δὲ καὶ Μυτιληναίων τριάκοντα, μεγάλην ἔχων δύναμιν συνεστήσατο τὴν πολιορκίαν καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν, συνεχεῖς ποιούμενος προσβολάς. κατεσκεύασε δὲ καὶ μηχανὰς πρῶτος τῶν πρὸ αὐτοῦ τούς τε ὀνομαζομένους κριοὺς καὶ χελώνας, Ἀρτέμωνος τοῦ Κλαζομενίου κατασκευάσαντος. ἐνεργῶς δὲ πολιορκήσας τὴν πόλιν καὶ ταῖς μηχαναῖς καταβαλὼν τὰ τείχη κύριος ἐγένετο τῆς Σάμου. κολάσας δὲ τοὺς αἰτίους ἐπράξατο τοὺς Σαμίους τὰς εἰς τὴν πολιορκίαν γεγενημένας δαπάνας, τιμησάμενος αὐτὰς ταλάντων διακοσίων. παρείλετο δὲ καὶ τὰς ναῦς αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ τείχη κατέσκαψε, καὶ τὴν δημοκρατίαν καταστήσας ἐπανῆλθεν εἰς τὴν πατρίδα. Ἀθηναίοις δὲ καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις μέχρι τούτων τῶν χρόνων αἱ τριακονταετεῖς σπονδαὶ διέμειναν ἀσάλευτοι. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἐπράχθη κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν ἐνιαυτόν.

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The Samians, believing that because of the departure of Pericles they had a suitable opportunity to attack the ships that had been left behind, sailed against them, and having won the battle they were puffed up with pride. But when Pericles received word of the defeat of his forces, he at once turned back and gathered an imposing fleet, since he desired to destroy once and for all the fleet of the enemy. The Athenians rapidly dispatched sixty triremes and the Chians and Mytilenaeans thirty, and with this great armament Pericles renewed the siege both by land and by sea, making continuous assaults. He built also siege machines, being the first of all men to do so, such as those called "rams" and "tortoises", Artemon of Clazomenae having built them; and by pushing the siege with energy and throwing down the walls by means of the siege machines he gained the mastery of Samos. After punishing the ringleaders of the revolt he exacted of the Samians the expenses incurred in the siege of the city, fixing the penalty at two hundred talents. He also took from them their ships and razed their walls; then he restored the democracy and returned to his country. As for the Athenians and as for the Lacedaemonians, the thirty-year truce between them remained unshaken to this time. These, then, were the events of this year.

Plutarch Pericles 24

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ἐκ τούτου ψηφίζεται τὸν εἰς Σάμον πλοῦν, αἰτίαν ποιησάμενος κατ᾽ αὐτῶν ὅτι τὸν πρὸς Μιλησίους κελευόμενοι διαλύσασθαι πόλεμον οὐχ ὑπήκουον. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ Ἀσπασία χαριζόμενος δοκεῖ πρᾶξαι τὰ πρὸς Σαμίους, ἐνταῦθα ἂν εἴη καιρὸς διαπορῆσαι μάλιστα περὶ τῆς ἀνθρώπου, τίνα τέχνην ἢ δύναμιν τοσαύτην ἔχουσα τῶν τε πολιτικῶν τοὺς πρωτεύοντας ἐχειρώσατο καὶ τοῖς φιλοσόφοις οὐ φαῦλον οὐδ᾽ ὀλίγον ὑπὲρ αὑτῆς παρέσχε λόγον. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἦν Μιλησία γένος, Ἀξιόχου θυγάτηρ, ὁμολογεῖται· φασὶ δ᾽ αὐτὴν Θαργηλίαν τινὰ τῶν παλαιῶν Ἰάδων ζηλώσασαν ἐπιθέσθαι τοῖς δυνατωτάτοις ἀνδράσι. καὶ γὰρ ἡ Θαργηλία τό τ᾽ εἶδος εὐπρεπὴς γενομένη καὶ χάριν ἔχουσα μετὰ δεινότητος πλείστοις μὲν Ἑλλήνων συνῴκησεν ἀνδράσι, πάντας δὲ προσεποίησε βασιλεῖ τοὺς πλησιάσαντας αὐτῇ, καὶ ταῖς πόλεσι μηδισμοῦ δι᾽ ἐκείνων ὑπέσπειρεν ἀρχὰς δυνατωτάτων ὄντων καὶ μεγίστων. τὴν δ᾽ Ἀσπασίαν οἱ μὲν ὡς σοφήν τινα καὶ πολιτικὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ Περικλέους σπουδασθῆναι λέγουσι· καὶ γὰρ Σωκράτης ἔστιν ὅτε μετὰ τῶν γνωρίμων ἐφοίτα, καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας ἀκροασομένας οἱ συνήθεις ἦγον εἰς αὐτήν, καίπερ οὐ κοσμίου προεστῶσαν ἐργασίας οὐδὲ σεμνῆς, ἀλλὰ παιδίσκας ἑταιρούσας τρέφουσαν· Αἰσχίνης δέ φησι καὶ Λυσικλέα τὸν προβατοκάπηλον ἐξ ἀγεννοῦς καὶ ταπεινοῦ τὴν φύσιν Ἀθηναίων γενέσθαι πρῶτον, Ἀσπασίᾳ συνόντα μετὰ τὴν Περικλέους τελευτήν. ἐν δὲ τῷ Μενεξένῳ τῷ Πλάτωνος, εἰ καὶ μετὰ παιδιᾶς τὰ πρῶτα γέγραπται, τοσοῦτόν γ᾽ ἱστορίας ἔνεστιν, ὅτι δόξαν εἶχε τὸ γύναιον ἐπὶ ῥητορικῇ πολλοῖς Ἀθηναίων ὁμιλεῖν. φαίνεται μέντοι μᾶλλον ἐρωτική τις ἡ τοῦ Περικλέους ἀγάπησις γενομένη πρὸς Ἀσπασίαν. ἦν μὲν γὰρ αὐτῷ γυνὴ προσήκουσα μὲν κατὰ γένος, συνῳκηκυῖα δ᾽ Ἱππονίκῳ πρότερον, ἐξ οὗ Καλλίαν ἔτεκε τὸν πλούσιον· ἔτεκε δὲ καὶ παρὰ τῷ Περικλεῖ Ξάνθιππον καὶ Πάραλον. εἶτα τῆς συμβιώσεως οὐκ οὔσης αὐτοῖς ἀρεστῆς, ἐκείνην μὲν ἑτέρῳ βουλομένην συνεξέδωκεν, αὐτὸς δὲ τὴν Ἀσπασίαν λαβὼν ἔστερξε διαφερόντως. καὶ γὰρ ἐξιών, ὥς φασι, καὶ εἰσιὼν ἀπ᾽ ἀγορᾶς ἠσπάζετο καθ᾽ ἡμέραν αὐτὴν μετὰ τοῦ καταφιλεῖν. ἐν δὲ ταῖς κωμῳδίαις Ὀμφάλη τε νέα καὶ Δηϊάνειρα καὶ πάλιν Ἥρα προσαγορεύεται. Κρατῖνος δ᾽ ἄντικρυς παλλακὴν αὐτὴν εἴρηκεν ἐν τούτοις· Ἥραν τέ οἱ Ἀσπασίαν τίκτει Καταπυγοσύνη παλλακὴν κυνώπιδα. δοκεῖ δὲ καὶ τὸν νόθον ἐκ ταύτης τεκνῶσαι, περὶ οὗ πεποίηκεν Εὔπολις ἐν Δήμοις αὐτὸν μὲν οὕτως ἐρωτῶντα· ὁ νόθος δέ μοι ζῇ; τὸν δὲ Μυρωνίδην ἀποκρινόμενον· καὶ πάλαι γ᾽ ἂν ἦν ἀνήρ, εἰ μὴ τὸ τῆς πόρνης ὑπωρρώδει κακόν. οὕτω δὲ τὴν Ἀσπασίαν ὀνομαστὴν καὶ κλεινὴν γενέσθαι λέγουσιν ὥστε καὶ Κῦρον τὸν πολεμήσαντα βασιλεῖ περὶ τῆς τῶν Περσῶν ἡγεμονίας τὴν ἀγαπωμένην ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ μάλιστα τῶν παλλακίδων Ἀσπασίαν ὀνομάσαι, καλουμένην Μιλτὼ πρότερον. ἦν δὲ Φωκαῒς τὸ γένος, Ἑρμοτίμου θυγάτηρ· ἐν δὲ τῇ μάχῃ Κύρου πεσόντος ἀπαχθεῖσα πρὸς βασιλέα πλεῖστον ἴσχυσε. ταῦτα μὲν ἐπελθόντα τῇ μνήμῃ κατὰ τὴν γραφὴν ἀπώσασθαι καὶ παρελθεῖν ἴσως ἀπάνθρωπον ἦν.

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After this he got a decree passed for his expedition to Samos, alleging against its people that, though they were ordered to break off their war against the Milesians, they were not complying. Now, since it is thought that he proceeded thus against the Samians to gratify Aspasia, this may be a fitting place to raise the query what great art or power this woman had, that she managed as she pleased the foremost men of the state, and afforded the philosophers occasion to discuss her in exalted terms and at great length. That she was a Milesian by birth, daughter of one Axiochus, is generally agreed; and they say that it was in emulation of Thargelia, an Ionian woman of ancient times, that she made her onslaughts upon the most influential men. This Thargelia came to be a great beauty and was endowed with grace of manners as well as clever wits. Inasmuch as she lived on terms of intimacy with numberless Greeks, and attached all her consorts to the king of Persia, she stealthily sowed the seeds of Persian sympathy in the cities of Greece by means of these lovers of hers, who were men of the greatest power and of influence. And so Aspasia, as some say, was held in high favour by Pericles because of her rare political wisdom. Socrates sometimes came to see her with his disciples, and his intimate friends brought their wives to her to hear her discourse, although she presided over a business that was anything but honest or even reputable, since she kept a house of young courtesans. And Aeschines says that Lysicles the sheep-dealer, a man of low birth and nature, came to be the first man at Athens by living with Aspasia after the death of Pericles. And in the ‘Menexenus’ of Plato, even though the first part of it be written in a sportive vein, there is, at any rate, thus much of fact, that the woman had the reputation of associating with many Athenians as a teacher of rhetoric. However, the affection which Pericles had for Aspasia seems to have been rather of an amatory sort. For his own wife was near of kin to him, and had been wedded first to Hipponicus, to whom she bore Callias, surnamed the Rich; she bore also, as the wife of Pericles, Xanthippus and Paralus. Afterwards, since their married life was not agreeable, he legally bestowed her upon another man, with her own consent, and himself took Aspasia, and loved her exceedingly. Twice a day, as they say, on going out and on coming in from the market-place, he would salute her with a loving kiss. But in the comedies she is styled now the New Omphale, now Deianeira, and now Hera. Cratinus flatly called her a prostitute in these lines: As his Hera, Aspasia was born, the child of Unnatural Lust, a prostitute past shaming. And it appears also that he begat from her that bastard son about whom Eupolis, in his ‘Demes’, represented him as inquiring with these words: And my bastard, doth he live? to which Myronides replies: Yea, and long had been a man, had he not feared the mischief of his harlot-birth. So renowned and celebrated did Aspasia become, they say, that even Cyrus, the one who went to war with the Great King for the sovereignty of the Persians, gave the name of Aspasia to that one of his concubines whom he loved best, who before was called Milto. She was a Phocaean by birth, daughter of one Hermotimus, and, after Cyrus had fallen in battle, was carried captive to the King, and acquired the greatest influence with him. These things coming to my recollection as I write, it were perhaps unnatural to reject and to pass them by.

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τὸν δὲ πρὸς Σαμίους πόλεμον αἰτιῶνται μάλιστα τὸν Περικλέα ψηφίσασθαι διὰ Μιλησίους Ἀσπασίας δεηθείσης. αἱ γὰρ πόλεις ἐπολέμουν τὸν περὶ Πριήνης πόλεμον, καὶ κρατοῦντες οἱ Σάμιοι, παύσασθαι τῶν Ἀθηναίων κελευόντων καὶ δίκας λαβεῖν καὶ δοῦναι παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς, οὐκ ἐπείθοντο. πλεύσας οὖν ὁ Περικλῆς τὴν μὲν οὖσαν ὀλιγαρχίαν ἐν Σάμῳ κατέλυσεν, τῶν δὲ πρώτων λαβὼν ὁμήρους πεντήκοντα καὶ παῖδας ἴσους εἰς Λῆμνον ἀπέστειλε. καίτοι φασὶν ἕκαστον μὲν αὐτῷ τῶν ὁμήρων διδόναι τάλαντον ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ, πολλὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα τοὺς μὴ θέλοντας ἐν τῇ πόλει γενέσθαι δημοκρατίαν. ἔτι δὲ Πισσούθνης ὁ Πέρσης ἔχων τινὰ πρὸς Σαμίους εὔνοιαν ἀπέστειλεν αὐτῷ μυρίους χρυσοῦς, παραιτούμενος τὴν πόλιν. οὐ μὴν ἔλαβε τούτων οὐδὲν ὁ Περικλῆς, ἀλλὰ χρησάμενος ὥσπερ ἐγνώκει τοῖς Σαμίοις καὶ καταστήσας δημοκρατίαν ἀπέπλευσεν εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας. οἱ δ᾽ εὐθὺς ἀπέστησαν, ἐκκλέψαντος αὐτοῖς τοὺς ὁμήρους Πισσούθνου καὶ τἆλλα παρασκευάσαντος πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον. αὖθις οὖν ὁ Περικλῆς ἐξέπλευσεν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς οὐχ ἡσυχάζοντας οὐδὲ κατεπτηχότας, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάνυ προθύμως ἐγνωκότας ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι τῆς θαλάττης. γενομένης δὲ καρτερᾶς ναυμαχίας περὶ νῆσον ἣν Τραγίας καλοῦσι, λαμπρῶς ὁ Περικλῆς ἐνίκα, τέσσαρσι καὶ τεσσαράκοντα ναυσὶν ἑβδομήκοντα καταναυμαχήσας, ὧν εἴκοσι στρατιώτιδες ἦσαν.

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But to return to the war against the Samians, they accuse Pericles of getting the decree for this passed at the request of Aspasia and in the special behalf of the Milesians. For the two cities were waging their war for the possession of Priene, and the Samians were getting the better of it, and when the Athenians ordered them to stop the contest and submit the case to arbitration at Athens, they would not obey. So Pericles set sail and broke up the oligarchical government which Samos had, and then took fifty of the foremost men of the state, with as many of their children, as hostages, and sent them off to Lemnos. And yet they say that every one of these hostages offered him a talent on his own account, and that the opponents of democracy in the city offered him many talents besides. And still further, Pissouthnes, the Persian satrap, who had much good-will towards the Samians, sent him ten thousand gold staters and interceded for the city. However, Pericles took none of these bribes, but treated the Samians just as he had determined, set up a democracy and sailed back to Athens. Then the Samians at once revolted, after Pissouthnes had stolen away their hostages from Lemnos for them, and in other ways equipped them for the war. Once more, therefore, Pericles set sail against them. They were not victims of sloth, nor yet victims of abject terror, but full of exceeding zeal in their determination to contest the supremacy of the sea. In a fierce sea-fight which came off near an island which is called Tragia, Pericles won a brilliant victory, with four and forty ships outfighting seventy, twenty of which were infantry transports.

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ἅμα δὲ τῇ νίκῃ καὶ τῇ διώξει τοῦ λιμένος κρατήσας ἐπολιόρκει τοὺς Σαμίους, ἁμῶς γέ πως ἔτι τολμῶντας ἐπεξιέναι καὶ διαμάχεσθαι πρὸ τοῦ τείχους. ἐπεὶ δὲ μείζων ἕτερος στόλος ἦλθεν ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν καὶ παντελῶς κατεκλείσθησαν οἱ Σάμιοι, λαβὼν ὁ Περικλῆς ἑξήκοντα τριήρεις ἔπλευσεν εἰς τὸν ἔξω πόντον, ὡς μὲν οἱ πλεῖστοι λέγουσι, Φοινισσῶν νεῶν ἐπικούρων τοῖς Σαμίοις προσφερομένων ἀπαντῆσαι καὶ διαγωνίσασθαι πορρωτάτω βουλόμενος, ὡς δὲ Στησίμβροτος, ἐπὶ Κύπρον στελλόμενος· ὅπερ οὐ δοκεῖ πιθανὸν εἶναι. ὁποτέρῳ δ᾽ οὖν ἐχρήσατο τῶν λογισμῶν, ἁμαρτεῖν ἔδοξε. πλεύσαντος γὰρ αὐτοῦ Μέλισσος ὁ Ἰθαγένους, ἀνὴρ φιλόσοφος στρατηγῶν τότε τῆς Σάμου, καταφρονήσας τῆς ὀλιγότητος τῶν νεῶν ἢ τῆς ἀπειρίας τῶν στρατηγῶν, ἔπεισε τοὺς πολίτας ἐπιθέσθαι τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις. καὶ γενομένης μάχης νικήσαντες οἱ Σάμιοι καὶ πολλοὺς μὲν αὐτῶν ἄνδρας ἑλόντες, πολλὰς δὲ ναῦς διαφθείραντες, ἐχρῶντο τῇ θαλάσσῃ καὶ παρετίθεντο τῶν ἀναγκαίων πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ὅσα μὴ πρότερον εἶχον. ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ Μελίσσου καὶ Περικλέα φησὶν αὐτὸν Ἀριστοτέλης ἡττηθῆναι ναυμαχοῦντα πρότερον. οἱ δὲ Σάμιοι τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀνθυβρίζοντες ἔστιζον εἰς τὸ μέτωπον γλαῦκας· καὶ γὰρ ἐκείνους οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι σάμαιναν. ἡ δὲ σάμαινα ναῦς ἐστιν ὑόπρωρος μὲν τὸ σίμωμα, κοιλοτέρα δὲ καὶ γαστροειδής, ὥστε καὶ φορτοφορεῖν καὶ ταχυναυτεῖν. οὕτω δ᾽ ὠνομάσθη διὰ τὸ πρῶτον ἐν Σάμῳ φανῆναι, Πολυκράτους τυράννου κατασκευάσαντος. πρὸς ταῦτα τὰ στίγματα λέγουσι καὶ τὸ Ἀριστοφάνειον ᾐνίχθαι· Σαμίων ὁ δῆμός ἐστιν ὡς πολυγράμματος.

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Close on the heels of his victory and of his pursuit came his seizure of the harbour, and then he laid formal siege to the Samians, who, somehow or other, still had the daring to sally forth and fight with him before their walls. But soon a second and a larger armament came from Athens, and the Samians were completely beleaguered and shut in. Then Pericles took sixty triremes and sailed out into the main sea, as most authorities say, because he wished to meet a fleet of Phoenician ships which was coming to the aid of the Samians, and fight it at as great a distance from Samos as possible; but according to Stesimbrotus, because he had designs on Cyprus, which seems incredible. But in any case, whichever design he cherished, he seems to have made a mistake. For no sooner had he sailed off than Melissus, the son of Ithagenes, a philosopher who was then acting as general at Samos, despising either the small number of ships that were left, or the inexperience of the generals in charge of them, persuaded his fellow-citizens to make an attack upon the Athenians. In the battle that ensued the Samians were victorious, taking many of their enemy captive, and destroying many of their ships, so that they commanded the sea and laid in large store of such necessaries for the war as they did not have before. And Aristotle says that Pericles was himself also defeated by Melissus in the sea-fight which preceded this. The Samians retaliated upon the Athenians by branding their prisoners in the forehead with owls; for the Athenians had once branded some of them with the samaena. Now the samaena is a ship of war with a boar's head design for prow and ram, but more capacious than usual and paunchlike, so that it is a good deep-sea traveller and a swift sailor too. It got this name because it made its first appearance in Samos, where Polycrates the tyrant had some built. To these brand-marks, they say, the verse of Aristophanes made riddling reference: For oh! how lettered is the folk of the Samians!

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πυθόμενος δ᾽ οὖν ὁ Περικλῆς τὴν ἐπὶ στρατοπέδου συμφορὰν ἐβοήθει κατὰ τάχος. καὶ τοῦ Μελίσσου πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀντιταξαμένου κρατήσας καὶ τρεψάμενος τοὺς πολεμίους εὐθὺς περιετείχιζε, δαπάνῃ καὶ χρόνῳ μᾶλλον ἢ τραύμασι καὶ κινδύνοις τῶν πολιτῶν περιγενέσθαι καὶ συνελεῖν τὴν πόλιν βουλόμενος. ἐπεὶ δὲ δυσχεραίνοντας τῇ τριβῇ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους καὶ μάχεσθαι προθυμουμένους ἔργον ἦν κατασχεῖν, ὀκτὼ μέρη διελὼν τὸ πᾶν πλῆθος ἀπεκλήρου, καὶ τῷ λαβόντι τὸν λευκὸν κύαμον εὐωχεῖσθαι καὶ σχολάζειν παρεῖχε τῶν ἄλλων μαχομένων. διὸ καί φασι τοὺς ἐν εὐπαθείαις τισὶ γενομένους λευκὴν ἡμέραν ἐκείνην ἀπὸ τοῦ λευκοῦ κυάμου προσαγορεύειν. Ἔφορος δὲ καὶ μηχαναῖς χρήσασθαι τὸν Περικλέα, τὴν καινότητα θαυμάσαντα, Ἀρτέμωνος τοῦ μηχανικοῦ παρόντος, ὃν χωλὸν ὄντα καὶ φορείῳ πρὸς τὰ κατεπείγοντα τῶν ἔργων προσκομιζόμενον ὀνομασθῆναι περιφόρητον. τοῦτο μὲν οὖν Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Ποντικὸς ἐλέγχει τοῖς Ἀνακρέοντος ποιήμασιν, ἐν οἷς ὁ περιφόρητος Ἀρτέμων ὀνομάζεται πολλαῖς ἔμπροσθεν ἡλικίαις τοῦ περὶ Σάμον πολέμου καὶ τῶν πραγμάτων ἐκείνων· τὸν δ᾽ Ἀρτέμωνά φησι τρυφερόν τινα τῷ βίῳ καὶ πρὸς τοὺς φόβους μαλακὸν ὄντα καὶ καταπλῆγα τὰ πολλὰ μὲν οἴκοι καθέζεσθαι, χαλκῆν ἀσπίδα τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ δυεῖν οἰκετῶν ὑπερεχόντων, ὥστε μηδὲν ἐμπεσεῖν τῶν ἄνωθεν, εἰ δὲ βιασθείη προελθεῖν, ἐν κλινιδίῳ κρεμαστῷ παρὰ τὴν γῆν αὐτὴν περιφερόμενον κομίζεσθαι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο κληθῆναι περιφόρητον.

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Be that true or not, when Pericles learned of the disaster which had befallen his fleet, he came speedily to its aid. And though Melissus arrayed his forces against him, he conquered and routed the enemy and at once walled their city in, preferring to get the upper hand and capture it at the price of money and of time, rather than of the wounds and of deadly perils of his fellow-citizens. And since it was a hard task for him to restrain the Athenians in their impatience of delay and eagerness to fight, he separated his whole force into eight divisions, had them draw lots, and allowed the division which got the white bean to feast and take their ease, while the others did the fighting. And this is the reason, as they say, why those who have had a gay and festive time call it a ‘white day’, from the white bean. Ephorus says that Pericles actually employed siege-engines, in his admiration of their novelty, and that Artemon the engineer was with him there, who, since he was lame, and so had to be brought on a stretcher to the works which demanded his instant attention, was dubbed Periphoretus. Heracleides Ponticus, however, refutes this story out of the poems of Anacreon, in which Artemon Periphoretus is mentioned many generations before the Samian War and its events. And he says that Artemon was very luxurious in his life, as well as weak and panic-stricken in the presence of his fears, and therefore for the most part sat still at home, while two servants held a bronze shield over his head to keep anything from falling down upon it. Whenever he was forced to go abroad, he had himself carried in a little hammock which was borne along just above the surface of the ground. On this account he was called Periphoretus.

Plutarch Pericles 28

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ἐνάτῳ δὲ μηνὶ τῶν Σαμίων παραστάντων ὁ Περικλῆς τὰ τείχη καθεῖλε καὶ τὰς ναῦς παρέλαβε καὶ χρήμασι πολλοῖς ἐζημίωσεν, ὧν τὰ μὲν εὐθὺς ἤνεγκαν οἱ Σάμιοι, τὰ δ᾽ ἐν χρόνῳ ῥητῷ ταξάμενοι κατοίσειν ὁμήρους ἔδωκαν. Δοῦρις δ᾽ ὁ Σάμιος τούτοις ἐπιτραγῳδεῖ πολλὴν ὠμότητα τῶν Ἀθηναίων καὶ τοῦ Περικλέους κατηγορῶν, ἣν οὔτε Θουκυδίδης ἱστόρηκεν οὔτ᾽ Ἔφορος οὔτ᾽ Ἀριστοτέλης· ἀλλ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ἀληθεύειν ἔοικεν, ὡς ἄρα τοὺς τριηράρχους καὶ τοὺς ἐπιβάτας τῶν Σαμίων εἰς τὴν Μιλησίων ἀγορὰν ἀγαγών καὶ σανίσι προσδήσας ἐφ᾽ ἡμέρας δέκα κακῶς ἤδη διακειμένους προσέταξεν ἀνελεῖν, ξύλοις τὰς κεφαλὰς συγκόψαντας, εἶτα προβαλεῖν ἀκήδευτα τὰ σώματα. Δοῦρις μὲν οὖν οὐδ᾽ ὅπου μηδὲν αὐτῷ πρόσεστιν ἴδιον πάθος εἰωθὼς κρατεῖν τὴν διήγησιν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀληθείας, μᾶλλον ἔοικεν ἐνταῦθα δεινῶσαι τὰς τῆς πατρίδος συμφορὰς ἐπὶ διαβολῇ τῶν Ἀθηναίων. ὁ δὲ Περικλῆς καταστρεψάμενος τὴν Σάμον ὡς ἐπανῆλθεν εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, ταφάς τε τῶν ἀποθανόντων κατὰ τὸν πόλεμον ἐνδόξους ἐποίησε καὶ τὸν λόγον εἰπών, ὥσπερ ἔθος ἐστίν, ἐπὶ τῶν σημάτων ἐθαυμαστώθη. καταβαίνοντα δ᾽ αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος αἱ μὲν ἄλλαι γυναῖκες ἐδεξιοῦντο καὶ στεφάνοις ἀνέδουν καὶ ταινίαις ὥσπερ ἀθλητὴν νικηφόρον, ἡ δ᾽ Ἐλπινίκη προσελθοῦσα πλησίον· ταῦτ᾽ ἔφη θαυμαστά, Περίκλεις, καὶ ἄξια στεφάνων, ὃς ἡμῖν πολλοὺς καὶ ἀγαθοὺς ἀπώλεσας πολίτας οὐ Φοίνιξι πολεμῶν οὐδὲ Μήδοις, ὥσπερ οὑμὸς ἀδελφὸς Κίμων, ἀλλὰ σύμμαχον καὶ συγγενῆ πόλιν καταστρεφόμενος. ταῦτα τῆς Ἐλπινίκης λεγούσης ὁ Περικλῆς μειδιάσας ἀτρέμα λέγεται τὸ τοῦ Ἀρχιλόχου πρὸς αὐτὴν εἰπεῖν· οὐκ ἂν μύροισι γραῦς ἐοῦσ᾽ ἠλείφεο. θαυμαστὸν δέ τι καὶ μέγα φρονῆσαι καταπολεμήσαντα τοὺς Σαμίους φησὶν αὐτὸν ὁ Ἴων, ὡς τοῦ μὲν Ἀγαμέμνονος ἔτεσι δέκα βάρβαρον πόλιν, αὐτοῦ δὲ μησὶν ἐννέα τοὺς πρώτους καὶ δυνατωτάτους Ἰώνων ἑλόντος. καὶ οὐκ ἦν ἄδικος ἡ ἀξίωσις, ἀλλ᾽ ὄντως πολλὴν ἀδηλότητα καὶ μέγαν ἔσχε κίνδυνον ὁ πόλεμος, εἴπερ, ὡς Θουκυδίδης φησί, παρ᾽ ἐλάχιστον ἦλθε Σαμίων ἡ πόλις ἀφελέσθαι τῆς θαλάττης τὸ κράτος Ἀθηναίους.

ENG

After eight months the Samians surrendered, and Pericles tore down their walls, took away their ships of war, and laid a heavy fine upon them, part of which they paid at once, and part they agreed to pay at a fixed time, giving hostages therefor. To these details Duris the Samian adds stuff for tragedy, accusing the Athenians and Pericles of great brutality, which is recorded neither by Thucydides, nor Ephorus, nor Aristotle. But he appears not to speak the truth when he says, forsooth, that Pericles had the Samian trierarchs and marines brought into the market-place of Miletus and crucified there, and that then, when they had already suffered grievously for ten days, he gave orders to break their heads in with clubs and make an end of them, and then cast their bodies forth without burial rites. At all events, since it is not the wont of Duris, even in cases where he has no private and personal interest, to hold his narrative down to the fundamental truth, it is all the more likely that here, in this instance, he has given a dreadful portrayal of the calamities of his country, that he might calumniate the Athenians. When Pericles, after his subjection of Samos, had returned to Athens, he gave honorable burial to those who had fallen in the war, and for the oration which he made, according to the custom, over their tombs, he won the greatest admiration. But as he came down from the bema, while the rest of the women clasped his hand and fastened wreaths and fillets on his head, as though he were some victorious athlete, Elpinice drew nigh and said: This is admirable in thee, Pericles, and deserving of wreaths, in that thou hast lost us many brave citizens, not in a war with Phoenicians or with Medes, like my brother Cimon, but in the subversion of an allied and kindred city. On Elpinice's saying this, Pericles, with a quiet smile, it is said, quoted to her the verse of Archilochus: You shall not anoil the skin with sweet oil when you are an old women. Ion says that he had the most astonishingly great thoughts of himself for having subjected the Samians; whereas Agamemnon was all of ten years in taking a barbarian city, he had in nine months time reduced the foremost and most powerful people of Ionia. And indeed his estimate of himself was not unjust, nay, the war actually brought with it much uncertainty and great peril, if indeed, as Thucydides says, the city of Samos came within a very little of stripping from Athens her power on the sea.

Plutarch Themistocles 2

AG

καίτοι Στησίμβροτος Ἀναξαγόρου τε διακοῦσαι τὸν Θεμιστοκλέα φησὶ καὶ περὶ Μέλισσον σπουδάσαι τὸν φυσικόν, οὐκ εὖ τῶν χρόνων ἁπτόμενος· Περικλεῖ γάρ, ὃς πολὺ νεώτερος ἦν Θεμιστοκλέους, Μέλισσος μὲν ἀντεστρατήγει πολιορκοῦντι Σαμίους, Ἀναξαγόρας δὲ συνδιέτριβε.

ENG

And yet Stesimbrotus says that Themistocles was a pupil of Anaxagoras, and a disciple of Melissus the physicist; but he is careless in his chronology. It was Pericles, a much younger man than Themistocles, whom Melissus opposed at the siege of Samos, and with whom Anaxagoras was intimate.

Aelian Varia Historia 7.14

AG

τί δέ; οὐκ ἦσαν καὶ οἱ φιλόσοφοι τὰ πολέμια ἀγαθοί; ἐμοὶ μὲν δοκοῦσιν, εἴ γε Μέλισσος δὲ ἐναυάρχησε, Σωκράτης δὲ ἐστρατεύσατο τρίς.

ENG

So what? Were not the Philosophers skilful in warlike affairs? To me they seem such. For Melissus was their Admiral and Socrates fought thrice.

Arististophanes Vespae 281

AG

Χορός
τάχα δ᾽ ἂν διὰ τὸν χθιζινὸν ἄνθρωπον, ὃς ἡμᾶς διεδύετ᾽ ἐξαπατῶν λέγων ὡς καὶ φιλαθήναιος ἦν καὶ τἀν Σάμῳ πρῶτος κατείποι, διὰ τοῦτ᾽ ὀδυνηθεὶς εἶτ᾽ ἴσως κεῖται πυρέττων.

ENG

Choir
But I be-think me an accused man escaped us yesterday through his false pretence that he loved Athens and had been the first to unfold the Samian plot. Perhaps his acquittal has so distressed Philocleon that he is abed with fever.

Scholia Graeca in Aristophanem Vespae 283

AG

Τὰ ᾽ν Σαμῳ· Τὰ περὶ Σάμου ἐννεακαιδεκάτῳ ἒτει πρότερον ἐπὶ Τιμοκλέους ἂρχοντος γέγονε. Μιλησίων γάρ ποτε καὶ Σαμίων μαχομένων Ἀθηαῖοι παρακληθέντες ὑπὸ Μιλησίων είς συμμαχίαν ἐπεστράτευσαν κατὰ τῶν Σαμίων, Περικλέους ἡγουμένου τοῦ Ξανθίππου. Κακῶς δὲ διατεθέντες Σάμιοι ἐπεχείρησαν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα τῶν Περσῶν ἐπελθεῖν. Καὶ δὴ τοῦτο μαθόντες Ἀθηναῖοι τριήρεις πολεμικὰς κατ᾽ αὐτῶν κατεσκεύασαν, Περικλέους εἰσηγησαμένου αὐτῶν. Τοῦτο δὲ μαθόντες Σάμιοι μηχανήν τινα κατασεύασαν κατ' αὐτῶν, ἣν μαθόντες Ἀθηναῖοι ὑπὸ τινος Καρυστίωνος ἐφυλάξαντο, καὶ Σαμίους μὲν κακῶς διέθηκαν, τὸν δὲ Καρυστίωνα ἐτίμησαν σφόδρα μετὰ τοῦ γένους καὶ τῆς αὐτῶν πολιτείας ἠξίωσαν. Ὡς οὖν τινος ἐξαπατήσαντος καὶ εἰπόντος ἑαυτόν εἶναι τὸν μηνυτὴν τοῦ σκαιωρήματος τῶν Σαμίων, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἀπολυθέντος, φησὶν ὠδυνῆσθαι τὸν Φιλοκλέωνα, ὡς ταῖς καταδίκαις μᾶλλον χαίροντα. τἀ περὶ Σάμον ιθ´ ἔτει πρότερον ἐπὶ Τιμοκλέους γέγονε καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἑξῆς Μορυχίδου. Οὐδὲν κωλύει τὸν ἐχθὲς κρινόμενον ἀναμιμνήσκειν τοὺς δικαστὰς ἰδίας τινὸς εὐεργεσίας παλαιᾶς γεγενημένης. Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ Μιλησίους ἐπαγαγόμενοι ἐκάκωσαν τὴν Σάμον καὶ ἔμφρουρον ἐποίησαν, τὴν δημοκρατίαν καταστρήσαντες διὰ Περικλέους. Σάμιοι δὲ ἀπέστησαν πρὸς βασιλέα. Καὶ τότε οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι τελέως αὐτοὺς κατεπολέμησαν, ἵνα πάλιν προσηγγέλθη Περικλεῖ ὅτι Φοίνισσαι νῆες παρεῖεν βοηθοῦσαι Σαμίοις. Τοῦτον ἂν εἴη λέγειν πρὸς τοὺς δικαστὰς ἀπηγγελκέναι καὶ ὠφελῆσει τὴν πόλιν.

ENG

That happened in Samos: That concerning Samos happened in the nineteenth year before the time of the reign of Timocles. For the Athenians charged against the Samians, when the Milesians and the Samians were fighting and they were called for an alliance by the Milesians, they were led by Pericles, son of Xanthippos. And the Samians, who were arranged badly, attempted to approach to the Persian king. Then the Athenians equipped triremes of war against them when they learned that, since Pericles proposed that. And when they learned that, the Samians equipped some engines of war against them, which the Athenians learned by a certain Carystionos and kept guard and they disposed the Samians badly and they honoured Carystionos vehemently with his familiy and regarded him worthy their citizenship. Then they, when someone cheated and said that he himself was the informer of the mischievous device of the Samians and since he was released by that, say that Philocleon suffered pain, since he very rejoiced the judgement given against him. That concerning Samos happened in the nineteenth year before the time of Timocles and next to the time of Morychos. No one prevented that he, who separated yesterday, reminded the judges, that some private kindness became old in years. And the Athenians distressed the Samians since they led the Milesians and made a garrison, after democracy was established by Pericles. And the Samians revolted for the king. Then the Athenians finally waged war against them and it is again announced there, that the Phoenician ships were pierced by Pericles, that aided the Samians. It should be that to say to the judges and to report and to help the city.

Scholia Graeca in Aristophanem Pax 697

AG

Λέγεται δὲ καὶ ὅτι ἐκ τῆς στρατηγίας τῆς ἐν Σάμῳ ἠργυρίσατο ὁ Σοφοκλῆς.

ENG

And Sophocles even said, that from the campaign in Samos money was extorted.

Plutarch Pericles 37

AG

ὑποδεξάμενος αὖθις τὰ πράγματα καὶ στρατηγὸς αἱρεθεὶς ᾐτήσατο λυθῆναι τὸν περὶ τῶν νόθων νόμον, ὃν αὐτὸς εἰσενηνόχει πρότερον, ὡς μὴ παντάπασιν ἐρημίᾳ διαδοχῆς τὸν οἶκον ἐκλίποι τοὔνομα καὶ τὸ γένος. εἶχε δ᾽ οὕτω τὰ περὶ τὸν νόμον. ὄντος οὖν δεινοῦ τὸν κατὰ τοσούτων ἰσχύσαντα νόμον ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ πάλιν λυθῆναι τοῦ γράψαντος, ἡ παροῦσα δυστυχία τῷ Περικλεῖ περὶ τὸν οἶκον, ὡς δίκην τινὰ δεδωκότι τῆς ὑπεροψίας καὶ τῆς μεγαλαυχίας ἐκείνης, ἐπέκλασε τοὺς Ἀθηναίους, καὶ δόξαντες αὐτὸν νεμεσητά τε παθεῖν ἀνθρωπίνως τε δεῖσθαι συνεχώρησαν ἀπογράψασθαι τὸν νόθον εἰς τοὺς φράτορας, ὄνομα θέμενον τὸ αὑτοῦ. καὶ τοῦτον μὲν ὕστερον ἐν Ἀργινούσαις καταναυμαχήσαντα Πελοποννησίους ἀπέκτεινεν ὁ δῆμος μετὰ τῶν συστρατήγων.

ENG

When he had undertaken again the conduct of the state, and been elected general, he asked for a suspension of the law concerning children born out of wedlock, a law which he himself had formerly introduced, in order that the name and lineage of his house might not altogether expire through lack of succession. The circumstances of this law were as follows. It was, accordingly, a grave matter, that the law which had been rigorously enforced against so many should now be suspended by the very man who had introduced it, and yet the calamities which Pericles was then suffering in his family life, regarded as a kind of penalty which he had paid for the arrogance and for his haughtiness of old, broke down the objections of the Athenians. They thought that what he suffered was by way of retribution, and that what he asked became a man to ask and men to grant, and so they suffered him to enroll his illegitimate son in the phratry-lists and to give him his own name. This was the son who afterwards conquered the Peloponnesians in a naval battle at the Arginusae islands, and was put to death by the people along with his fellow-generals.

Harpocratio Aspasia

AG

Ἀσπασία
μνημονεύουσι δ᾽ αὐτῆς πολλάκις καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι Σωκρατικοὶ, καὶ Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Μενεξένῳ τὸν Σωκράτην παρ᾽ αὐτῆς φησὶ μαθεῖν τὰ πολιτικά. ἦν δὲ τὸ μὲν γένος Μιλησία, δεινὴ δὲ περὶ λόγους· Περικλέους δέ φασιν αὐτὴν διδάσκαλόν τε ἅμα καὶ ἐρωμένην εἶναι. δοκεῖ δὲ δυοῖν πολέμων αἰτία γεγονέναι, τοῦ τε Σαμιακοῦ καὶ τοῦ Πελοποννησιακοῦ, ὡς ἔστι μαθεῖν παρά τε Δούριδος τοῦ Σαμίου καὶ Θεοφράστου ἐκ τοῦ δ´ τῶν Πολιτικῶν καὶ ἐκ τῶν Ἀριστοφάνους Ἀχαρνέων. δοκεῖ δὲ καὶ ἐξ αὐτῆς ἐσχηκέναι ὁ Περικλῆς τὸν ὁμώνυμον αὐτῷ Περικλέα τὸν νόθον, ὡς ἐμφαίνει καὶ Εὔπολις ἐν τοῖς Δήμοις. Λυσικλεῖ δὲ τῷ δημαγωγῷ συνοικήσασα Πορίστην ἔσχεν, ὡς ὁ Σωκρατικὸς Αἰσχίνης φησίν.

ENG

Aspasia
And also the other Socracists make often mention of her and Platon says in the Menexenos, that Socrates learned politics by her. And she indeed was Milesian by kin and fearful about the account. And they say about Pericles, that she was his teacher and his lover at the same time. And it seems, that she became responsible for two wars, both the Samian and the Peloponnesian, as is to learn by both the Samian Duris and Theoprast from the fourth book of his Politics and from the Acharneus tales of Aristophanes. And it seems, that Pericles even had the same named bastard Pericles together with her, as even Eupolis shows in his Demes. And when she dwelled with Lysicles the demagogue, she carried out Poristes, as says Aischines the socratic.

Suidas Δημοποίητος

AG

Δημοποίητος·
ὁ ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου εἰσποιηθεὶς καὶ γεγονὼς πολίτης. Περικλῆς γὰρ ὁ Ξανθίππου, νόμον γράψας τὸν μὴ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν ἀστυπολίτην μὴ εἶναι, οὐ μετὰ μακρὸν τοὺς γνησίους ἀποβαλών, ἄκων καὶ στένων καὶ λύσας τὸν ἑαυτοῦ νόμον καὶ ἀσχημονήσας, ἐλεεινὸς ἅμα καὶ μισητὸς ἔτυχεν ὧν ἐβούλετο. ὅμως γε μὴν ἀντιβολοῦντος καὶ δεκάσαντος τοὺς ἐντεῦθεν ζῶντας, ὀψὲ καὶ μόλις τὸν νόθον οἱ παῖδα τὸν ἐξ Ἀσπασίας τῆς Μιλησίας ἐποίησε δημοποίητον. Δημοποίητος οὖν ὁ φύσει ξένος, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ δήμου πολίτης γεγονώς.

ENG

Naturalized citizen
One who is adopted by the demos and has become a citizen. For Pericles, the son of Xanthippos, proposed a law that someone whose parents were not both citizens would not himself be a citizen. A short time later, Pericles lost his legitimate sons. Against his will, groaning and breaking his own law and disgracing himself, at once an object of pity and of hate, he got what he wanted. He begged and he bribed those who were alive at the time, and at length and with difficulty he made his bastard son by Aspasia of Miletus a demopoietos. A demopoietos, then, is one who is not a citizen by birth but is made a citizen by the demos.

Thucydides 3.2.1

AG

μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐσβολὴν τῶν Πελοποννησίων εὐθὺς Λέσβος πλὴν Μηθύμνης ἀπέστη ἀπ᾽ Ἀθηναίων, βουληθέντες μὲν καὶ πρὸ τοῦ πολέμου, ἀλλ᾽ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι οὐ προσεδέξαντο, ἀναγκασθέντες δὲ καὶ ταύτην τὴν ἀπόστασιν πρότερον ἢ διενοοῦντο ποιήσασθαι.

ENG

Immediately after the invasion of the Peloponnesians all Lesbos, except Methymna, revolted from the Athenians. The Lesbians had wished to revolt even before the war, but the Lacedaemonians would not receive them; and yet now when they did revolt, they were compelled to do so sooner than they had intended.

Thucydides 3.13.1

AG

τοιαύτας ἔχοντες προφάσεις καὶ αἰτίας, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ ξύμμαχοι, ἀπέστημεν, σαφεῖς μὲν τοῖς ἀκούουσι γνῶναι ὡς εἰκότως ἐδράσαμεν, ἱκανὰς δὲ ἡμᾶς ἐκφοβῆσαι καὶ πρὸς ἀσφάλειάν τινα τρέψαι, βουλομένους μὲν καὶ πάλαι, ὅτε ἔτι ἐν τῇ εἰρήνῃ ἐπέμψαμεν ὡς ὑμᾶς περὶ ἀποστάσεως, ὑμῶν δὲ οὐ προσδεξαμένων κωλυθέντας· νῦν δὲ ἐπειδὴ Βοιωτοὶ προυκαλέσαντο εὐθὺς ὑπηκούσαμεν, καὶ ἐνομίζομεν ἀποστήσεσθαι διπλῆν ἀπόστασιν, ἀπό τε τῶν Ἑλλήνων μὴ ξὺν κακῶς ποιεῖν αὐτοὺς μετ᾽ Ἀθηναίων ἀλλὰ ξυνελευθεροῦν, ἀπό τε Ἀθηναίων μὴ αὐτοὶ διαφθαρῆναι ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνων ἐν ὑστέρῳ ἀλλὰ προποιῆσαι.

ENG

Such, Lacedaemonians and allies, are the grounds and the reasons of our revolt; clear enough to convince our hearers of the fairness of our conduct, and sufficient to alarm ourselves, and to make us turn to some means of safety. This we wished to do long ago, when we sent to you on the subject while the peace yet lasted, but were baulked by your refusing to receive us; and now, upon the Boeotians inviting us, we at once responded to the call, and decided upon a twofold revolt, from the Hellenes and from the Athenians, not to aid the latter in harming the former, but to join in their liberation, and not to allow the Athenians in the end to destroy us, but to act in time against them.

Athenaeus 13.603e

AG

Ἴων γοῦν ὁ ποιητὴς ἐν ταῖς ἐπιγραφομέναις Ἐπιδημίαις γράφει οὕτως· Σοφοκλεῖ τῷ ποιητῇ ἐν Χίῳ συνήντησα, ὅτε ἔπλει εἰς Λέσβον στρατηγός, ἀνδρὶ παιδιώδει παρ᾽ οἶνον καὶ δεξιῷ. Ἑρμησίλεω δὲ ξένου οἱ ἐόντος καὶ προξένου Ἀθηναίων ἑστιῶντος αὐτόν.

ENG

At least then Ion the poet writes in the Epidemias, that he claims as his own, as follows: I met Sophocles the poet, a man playful by wine and clever, face to face in Chios, when the leader sailed to Lesbos. And Hermesilaos entertained him, since he was at his house and since he feasted the public friend of the Athenians.

Scholia in Aristidem

AG

ἐπι μὲν Σάμῳ δέκατος αὐτὸς στρατηγῶν· Τῶν δέκα στρατηγῶν τῶν ἐν Σάμῳ τὰ ὀνόματα κατ᾽ Ἀνδροτίωνα· Σωκράτης Ἀναγυράσιος, Σοφοκλῆς ἐκ Κολωνοῦ ὁ ποιητής, Ἀνδοκίδης Κυδαθηναιεὺς, Κρέων Σκαμβωνίδης, Περικλῆς Χολαργεύς, Γλαύκων ἐκ Κεραμέων, Καλλίστρατος Ἀχαρνεύς, Ξενοφῶν Μελιτεύς.

ENG

It was indeed these ten, who acted as leaders in the time of Samos: According to Androtion the names of the ten generals in the time of Samos are: It was Socrates Anagyrasius, Sophocles the poet from Colonos, Andocides Cydathenaieus, Creon Scambonides, Pericles Cholargeus, Glaucon from Cerameon, Callistratos Acharneus , Xenophon Meliteus.

Photius Σαμίων ὁ δῆμος

AG

Σαμίων ὁ δῆμος ἐστὶν ὡς πολυγράμματος· Ἀριστοφάνης Βαβυλωνίοις ἐπισκώπτων τοὺς ἐστιγμένους οἱ δὲ ὅτι Ἀθηναῖοι μὲν τοὺς ληφθέντας ἐν πολέμω Σαμίους ἔστιζον γλαυκὶ, Σάμιοι δὲ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους τῇ σαμαίνῃ, ὅ ἐστι πλοῖον δίκροτον, ὑπὸ Πολυκράτους πρῶτον παρασκευασθὲν τοῦ Σαμίων τυράννου, ὡς Λυσίμαχος ἐν βʹ Νοστῶν· τὸ δὲ πλάσμα Δούριδος.

ENG

The Samian folk is as marked with many letters: And Aristophanes in the Babyloneans makes fun of the branded since the Athenians branded those of the Samians, that were taken prisoner in the war with an owl and the Samians branded the Athenians the Samaina, that is a ship with two banks of oars manned, that was first produced by Polycrates, the Samian tyrant as Lysimachos says in the second book of the Nostoi: And the form is of Duris.

Photius τὰ Σαμίων ὑποπτεύεις

AG

Τὰ Σαμίων ὑποπτεύεις παρῆλθεν δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν γενομένων ὑπ᾽ Ἀθηναίων εἰς Σαμίους αἰκισμῶν· ἑλόντες γὰρ αὐτοὺς οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι τοὺς μὲν ἀπέκτειναν, τοὺς δὲ ἔστιξαν τῇ καλουμένῃ σαμαιῇ, ἥ ἐστιν εἶδος πλοίου Σαμιακοῦ, ἀνθ᾽ ὧν καὶ οἱ Σάμιοι τοὺς ἁλόντας μετὰ ταῦτα Ἀθηναίους ἔστιξαν.

ENG

And the Samian suspicion came upon because of the things, that happened by the Athenian discomort against the Samians. Since the Athenians killed some they took prisoner and they branded some the so called Samaina, that is the shape of a Samian ship and the Samians branded as well in return for that the Athenians who fell in their hand after that.

Aelian Varia Historia 2.9

AG

τούς γε μὴν ἁλισκομένους αἰχμαλώτους Σαμίων στίζειν κατὰ τοῦ προσώπου καὶ εἶναι τὸ στίγμα γλαῦκα, καὶ τοῦτο Ἀττικὸν ψήφισμα.

ENG

That such as had been taken prisoners by the Samians should be branded in the face with the mark of an owl, this also was an Athenian decree.

Isocrates 15.111

AG

μετὰ δὲ ταύτας τὰς πράξεις ἐπὶ Σάμον στρατεύσας, ἣν Περικλῆς ἀπὸ διακοσίων νεῶν καὶ χιλίων ταλάντων κατεπολέμησε.

ENG

After these exploits he led an expedition against Samos which Pericles reduced with two hundred ships and thousand talents.

Athenaeus 8.328c

AG

τριχίδων δὲ Εὔπολις ἐν Κόλαξιν· ἐκεῖνος ἦν φειδωλός, ὃς ἐπὶ τοῦ βίου πρὸ τοῦ πολέμου μὲν τριχίδας ὠψώνησ᾽ ἅπαξ, ὅτε τἀν Σάμῳ δ᾽ ἦν, ἡμιωβελίου κρέα.

ENG

And Eupolis says in Kolakes about an anchovy full of hairlike bones : He used to be closefisted for in the old days before the war he bought trichides, but when the Samian affair was on, he bought slices of meat worth half a penny.

Plinius Naturalis Historia 7.81

LAT

testudines artemonem clazomenium invenisse dicunt.

ENG

They say, that Artemon of Clazomenae invented the turtoises.

Athenaeus 12.533e

AG

Χαμαιλέων δ᾽ ὁ Ποντικὸς ἐν τῷ περὶ Ἀνακρέοντος προθεὶς τὸ ξανθῇ δ᾽ Εὐρυπύλῃ μέλει ὁ περιφόρητος Ἀρτέμων, τὴν προσηγορίαν ταύτην λαβεῖν τὸν Ἀρτέμωνα διὰ τὸ τρυφερῶς βιοῦντα περιφέρεσθαι ἐπὶ κλίνης. καὶ γὰρ Ἀνακρέων αὐτὸν κ.τ.λ .

ENG

And, after Chamaleon of Ponticos displayed this in his work about Anacreon, that this familarity possessed, that Artemon was carried around in a litter and lived delicate through that, the portable Artemon took interest in the yellow Eurypyle. Since Anacreon said, that he etc.

Paroemigraphi Graeci

AG

Ὁ περιφόρητος Ἀρτέμων· ἐπὶ τῶν πάνυ ποθουμένων. Φασὶ γὰρ ὅτι νεανίσκος ὁ Ἀρτέμων ἐγένετο περιμάχητος γυναιξίν· ἄλλοι δὲ ὅτι μηχανοποιὸς ἐγένετο σοφώτατος κατὰ τοὺς Περικλέους χρόνους· χωλὸς δὲ ὢν περιεφέρετο ἔπὶ τῷ ὁρᾶν τὰς μηχανάς.

ENG

The portable Artemon: On the one, who is very anxious. Since some say that the young Artemon became fought for by women. And others say, that the maschinist became wise during the time of Pericles. And, since he was lame, he was carried around for that, when he observed the machines.

Cornelius Nepos Timotheus 1.2

LAT

Samum cepit: in quo oppido oppugnando superiore bello Athenienses mille et ducenta talenta consumpserant, id ille sine ulla publica impensa populo restituit.

ENG

He conquered Samos. The Atheniens used one thousand and two hundred talents, when they fought in this battle before the war, which they restored to the people without any public effort.

Thucydides 7.57.3-4

AG

τῶν δ᾽ ἄλλων οἱ μὲν ὑπήκοοι, οἱ δ᾽ ἀπὸ ξυμμαχίας αὐτόνομοι, εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ οἳ μισθοφόροι ξυνεστράτευον. καὶ τῶν μὲν ὑπηκόων καὶ φόρου ὑποτελῶν Ἐρετριῆς καὶ Χαλκιδῆς καὶ Στυρῆς καὶ Καρύστιοι ἀπ᾽ Εὐβοίας ἦσαν, ἀπὸ δὲ νήσων Κεῖοι καὶ Ἄνδριοι καὶ Τήνιοι, ἐκ δ᾽ Ἰωνίας Μιλήσιοι καὶ Σάμιοι καὶ Χῖοι. τούτων Χῖοι οὐχ ὑποτελεῖς ὄντες φόρου, ναῦς δὲ παρέχοντες αὐτόνομοι ξυνέσποντο. καὶ τὸ πλεῖστον Ἴωνες ὄντες οὗτοι πάντες καὶ ἀπ᾽ Ἀθηναίων πλὴν Καρυστίων οὗτοι δ᾽ εἰσὶ Δρύοπες, ὑπήκοοι δ᾽ ὄντες καὶ ἀνάγκῃ ὅμως Ἴωνές γε ἐπὶ Δωριᾶς ἠκολούθουν.

ENG

Of the rest some joined in the expedition as subjects of the Athenians, others as independent allies, others as mercenaries. To the number of the subjects paying tribute belonged the Eretrians, Chalcidians, Styrians, and Carystians from Euboea; the Ceans, Andrians, and Tenians from the islands; and the Milesians, Samians, and Chians from Ionia. The Chians, however, joined as independent allies, paying no tribute, but furnishing ships. Most of these were Ionians and descended from the Athenians, except the Carystians, who are Dryopes, and although subjects and obliged to serve, were still Ionians fighting against Dorians.

Aristotle Politics 3.8.4

AG

τὸ δ᾽ αὐτὸ καὶ περὶ τὰς πόλεις καὶ τὰ ἔθνη ποιοῦσιν οἱ κύριοι τῆς δυνάμεως, οἷον Ἀθηναῖοι μὲν περὶ Σαμίους καὶ Χίους καὶ Λεσβίους ἐπεὶ γὰρ θᾶττον ἐγκρατῶς ἔσχον τὴν ἀρχήν, ἐταπείνωσαν αὐτοὺς παρὰ τὰς συνθήκας.

ENG

And the same course is adopted in regard to cities and races by the holders of sovereign power, for example the Athenians so dealt with the Samians and Chians and Lesbians for no sooner did they get a strong hold of their empire than they humbled them in contravention of their covenants.

Athenaeus 13.572f

AG

Ἄλεξις δ᾽ ὁ Σάμιος ἐν δευτέρῳ Ὥρων Σαμιακῶν τὴν ἐν Σάμῳ Ἀφροδίτην, ἣν οἱ μὲν ἐν καλάμοις καλοῦσιν, οἱ δὲ ἐν ἕλει, Ἀττικαί, φησίν, ἑταῖραι ἱδρύσαντο αἱ συνακολουθήσασαι Περικλεῖ ὅτε ἐπολιόρκει τὴν Σάμον, ἐργασάμεναι ἱκανῶς ἀπὸ τῆς ὥρας.

ENG

And Alexis the Samian said in the second book of the annals of Samos, that the Athenian companions, accompanying Pericles, when he beseiged Samos, dedicated a statue to Aphrodite, which some indeed called in the reed and some on the marsh meadow, since they earned excessivly by work due to their beauty.

Thucydides 2.34.1-7

AG

ἐν δὲ τῷ αὐτῷ χειμῶνι Ἀθηναῖοι τῷ πατρίῳ νόμῳ χρώμενοι δημοσίᾳ ταφὰς ἐποιήσαντο τῶν ἐν τῷδε τῷ πολέμῳ πρώτων ἀποθανόντων τρόπῳ τοιῷδε. τὰ μὲν ὀστᾶ προτίθενται τῶν ἀπογενομένων πρότριτα σκηνὴν ποιήσαντες, καὶ ἐπιφέρει τῷ αὑτοῦ ἕκαστος ἤν τι βούληται· ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἡ ἐκφορὰ ᾖ, λάρνακας κυπαρισσίνας ἄγουσιν ἅμαξαι, φυλῆς ἑκάστης μίαν· ἔνεστι δὲ τὰ ὀστᾶ ἧς ἕκαστος ἦν φυλῆς. μία δὲ κλίνη κενὴ φέρεται ἐστρωμένη τῶν ἀφανῶν, οἳ ἂν μὴ εὑρεθῶσιν ἐς ἀναίρεσιν. ξυνεκφέρει δὲ ὁ βουλόμενος καὶ ἀστῶν καὶ ξένων, καὶ γυναῖκες πάρεισιν αἱ προσήκουσαι ἐπὶ τὸν τάφον ὀλοφυρόμεναι. τιθέασιν οὖν ἐς τὸ δημόσιον σῆμα, ὅ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τοῦ καλλίστου προαστείου τῆς πόλεως, καὶ αἰεὶ ἐν αὐτῷ θάπτουσι τοὺς ἐκ τῶν πολέμων, πλήν γε τοὺς ἐν Μαραθῶνι· ἐκείνων δὲ διαπρεπῆ τὴν ἀρετὴν κρίναντες αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸν τάφον ἐποίησαν. ἐπειδὰν δὲ κρύψωσι γῇ, ἀνὴρ ᾑρημένος ὑπὸ τῆς πόλεως, ὃς ἂν γνώμῃ τε δοκῇ μὴ ἀξύνετος εἶναι καὶ ἀξιώσει προήκῃ, λέγει ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς ἔπαινον τὸν πρέποντα· μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο ἀπέρχονται. ὧδε μὲν θάπτουσιν· καὶ διὰ παντὸς τοῦ πολέμου, ὁπότε ξυμβαίη αὐτοῖς, ἐχρῶντο τῷ νόμῳ.

ENG

In the same winter the Athenians gave a funeral at the public cost to those who had first fallen in this war. It was a custom of their ancestors, and the manner of it is as follows. Three days before the ceremony, the bones of the dead are laid out in a tent which has been erected; and their friends bring to their relatives such offerings as they please. In the funeral procession cypress coffins are borne in cars, one for each tribe; the bones of the deceased being placed in the coffin of their tribe. Among these is carried one empty bier decked for the missing, that is, for those whose bodies could not be recovered. Any citizen or stranger who pleases, joins in the procession: and the female relatives are there to wail at the burial. The dead are laid in the public sepulchre in the most beautiful suburb of the city, in which those who fall in war are always buried; with the exception of those slain at Marathon, who for their singular and extraordinary valor were interred on the spot where they fell. After the bodies have been laid in the earth, a man chosen by the state, of approved wisdom and eminent reputation, pronounces over them an appropriate panegyric; after which all retire. Such is the manner of the burying; and throughout the whole of the war, whenever the occasion arose, the established custom was observed.

Aristotle Rhetoric 1.7.34

AG

καὶ τὸ μεγάλου μέγιστον μέρος, οἷον Περικλῆς τὸν ἐπιτάφιον λέγων, τὴν νεότητα ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἀνῃρῆσθαι ὥσπερ τὸ ἔαρ ἐκ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ εἰ ἐξαιρεθείη.

ENG

And that which is the greatest part of that which is great is more to be desired; as Pericles said in his Funeral Oration, that the removal of the youth from the city was like the year being robbed of its spring.

Aristotle Rhetoric 3.10.7

AG

τῶν δὲ μεταφορῶν τεττάρων οὐσῶν εὐδοκιμοῦσι μάλιστα αἱ κατ᾽ ἀναλογίαν, ὥσπερ Περικλῆς ἔφη τὴν νεότητα τὴν ἀπολομένην ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ οὕτως ἠφανίσθαι ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ὥσπερ εἴ τις τὸ ἔαρ ἐκ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἐξέλοι.

ENG

Of the four kinds of metaphor the most popular are those based on proportion. Thus, Pericles said that the youth that had perished during the war had disappeared from the State as if the year had lost its spring-time.

Herodotus 7.162

AG

ἀμείβετο Γέλων τοῖσιδε. ξεῖωε Ἀθηναῖε, ὑμεῖς οἴκατε τοὺς μὲν ἄρχοντας ἔχειν, τοὺς δὲ ἀεξαμένους οὐκ ἕξειν. ἐπεὶ τοίνυν οὐδὲν ὑπιέντες ἔχειν τὸ πᾶν ἐθέλετε, οὐκ ἂν φθάνοιτε τὴν ταχίστην ὀπίσω ἀπαλλασσόμενοι καὶ ἀγγέλλοντες τῇ Ἑλλάδι ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ τὸ ἔαρ αὐτῇ ἐξαραίρηται. οὗτος δὲ ὁ νόος τοῦ ῥήματος τὸ ἐθέλει λέγειν· δῆλα γὰρ ὡς ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ ἐστὶ τὸ ἔαρ δοκιμώτατον, τῆς δὲ τῶν Ἑλλήνων στρατιῆς τὴν ἑωυτοῦ στρατιήν· στερισκομένην ὦν τὴν Ἑλλάδα τῆς ἑωυτοῦ συμμαχίης εἴκαζε ὡς εἰ τὸ ἔαρ ἐκ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἐξαραιρημένον εἴη.

ENG

Gelon answered My Athenian friend, it would seem that you have many who lead, but none who will follow. Since, then, you will waive no claim but must have the whole, it is high time that you hasten home and tell your Hellas that her year has lost its spring. The significance of this statement was that Gelon's army was the most notable part of the Greek army, just as the spring is the best part of the year. He accordingly compared Hellas deprived of alliance with him to a year bereft of its spring.

Euripides Suppliants 447-449

AG

πῶς οὖν ἔτ᾽ ἂν γένοιτ᾽ ἂν ἰσχυρὰ πόλις, ὅταν τις ὡς λειμῶνος ἠρινοῦ στάχυν τόλμας ἀφαιρῇ κἀπολωτίζῃ νέους;

ENG

How then could a city remain stable where one cuts short all enterprise and mows down the young like meadow flowers in springtime?

Athenaeus 3.99d

AG

που ὁ ποιητὴς τὸν φύλακα μοχλὸν φόβου ὠνόμασεν ἐν τούτοις· θάρσει, μέγας σοι τοῦδ᾽ ἐγὼ φόβου μοχλός. κἀν ἄλλοις δὲ τὴν ἄγκυραν ἰσχάδα κέκληκεν διὰ τὸ κατέχειν τὴν ναῦν ναῦται δ᾽ ἐμηρύσαντο νηὸς ἰσχάδα. καὶ Δημάδης δὲ ὁ ῥήτωρ ἔλεγε τὴν μὲν Αἴγιναν εἶναι λήμην τοῦ Πειραιῶς, τὴν δὲ Σάμον ἀπορρῶγα τῆς πόλεως, ἔαρ δὲ τοῦ δήμου τοὺς ἐφήβους, τὸ δὲ τεῖχος ἐσθῆτα τῆς πόλεως, τὸν δὲ σαλπικτὴν κοινὸν Ἀθηναίων ἀλέκτορα. ὁ δ᾽ ὀνοματοθήρας οὗτος σοφιστὴς καὶ ἀκάθαρτον ἔφη γυναῖκα ἧς ἐπεσχημένα ἦν τὰ γυναικεῖα, πόθεν δέ σοι, ὦ Οὐλπιανέ, καὶ κεχορτασμένοι εἰπεῖν ἐπῆλθε, δέον τῷ κορεσθῆναι χρήσασθαι;

ENG

The poet somewhere names the watchman a bar to fear in this verse : Have courage I am thy mighty bar against this fear. In another passage he calls the anchor a stay because it holds back the vessel : The sailors drew up the stay of the ship. Demades also, the orator, used to say that Aegina was the eye-sore of Peiraeus, that Samos was a fragment broken from the empire, that young men are the spring-time of the people, the walls of a city are its garb, and a trumpeter was the public cock of Athens. And this same word-chasing sophist used to speak of a woman whose menses had been checked as uncleansed. When it comes to yourself, Ulpian, how did it occur to you to say 'foddered themselves' when you should have used the word 'satisfied'?

Plutarch Pericles 8

AG

ἔγγραφον μὲν οὖν οὐδὲν ἀπολέλοιπε πλὴν τῶν ψηφισμάτων· ἀπομνημονεύεται δ᾽ ὀλίγα παντάπασιν· οἷον τὸ τὴν Αἴγιναν ὡς λήμην τοῦ Πειραιῶς ἀφελεῖν κελεῦσαι, καὶ τὸ τὸν πόλεμον ἤδη φάναι καθορᾶν ἀπὸ Πελοποννήσου προσφερόμενον. καί ποτε τοῦ Σοφοκλέους, ὅτε συστρατηγῶν ἐξέπλευσε μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ, παῖδα καλὸν ἐπαινέσαντος, οὐ μόνον, ἔφη, τὰς χεῖρας, ὦ Σοφόκλεις, δεῖ καθαρὰς ἔχειν τὸν στρατηγόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ὄψεις. ὁ δὲ Στησίμβροτός φησιν, ὅτι τοὺς ἐν Σάμῳ τεθνηκότας ἐγκωμιάζων ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος ἀθανάτους ἔλεγε γεγονέναι καθάπερ τοὺς θεούς· οὐ γὰρ ἐκείνους αὐτοὺς ὁρῶμεν, ἀλλὰ ταῖς τιμαῖς ἃς ἔχουσι, καὶ τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς, ἃ παρέχουσιν, ἀθανάτους εἶναι τεκμαιρόμεθα· ταῦτ᾽ οὖν ὑπάρχειν καὶ τοῖς ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος ἀποθανοῦσιν.

ENG

In writing he left nothing behind him except the decrees which he proposed, and only a few in all of his memorable sayings are preserved, as, for instance, his urging the removal of Aegina as the eye-sore of the Piraeus, and his declaring that he already beheld war swooping down upon them from Peloponnesus. Once also when Sophocles, who was general with him on a certain naval expedition, praised a lovely boy, he said: It is not his hands only, Sophocles, that a general must keep clean, but his eyes as well. Again, Stesimbrotus says that, in his funeral oration over those who had fallen in the Samian War, he declared that they had become immortal, like the gods; the gods themselveswe can not see, but from the honors which they receive, and from the blessings which they bestow, we conclude that they are immortal. So it was, he said, with those who had given their lives for their country.

Harpocratio Aspasia

AG

Ἀσπασία
μνημονεύουσι δ᾽ αὐτῆς πολλάκις καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι Σωκρατικοὶ, καὶ Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Μενεξένῳ τὸν Σωκράτην παρ᾽ αὐτῆς φησὶ μαθεῖν τὰ πολιτικά. ἦν δὲ τὸ μὲν γένος Μιλησία, δεινὴ δὲ περὶ λόγους. Περικλέους δέ φασιν αὐτὴν διδάσκαλόν τε ἅμα καὶ ἐρωμένην εἶναι. δοκεῖ δὲ δυοῖν πολέμων αἰτία γεγονέναι, τοῦ τε Σαμιακοῦ καὶ τοῦ Πελοποννησιακοῦ, ὡς ἔστι μαθεῖν παρά τε Δούριδος τοῦ Σαμίου καὶ Θεοφράστου ἐκ τοῦ δ´ τῶν Πολιτικῶν καὶ ἐκ τῶν Ἀριστοφάνους Ἀχαρνέων. δοκεῖ δὲ καὶ ἐξ αὐτῆς ἐσχηκέναι ὁ Περικλῆς τὸν ὁμώνυμον αὐτῷ Περικλέα τὸν νόθον, ὡς ἐμφαίνει καὶ Εὔπολις ἐν τοῖς Δήμοις. Λυσικλεῖ δὲ τῷ δημαγωγῷ συνοικήσασα Πορίστην ἔσχεν, ὡς ὁ Σωκρατικὸς Αἰσχίνης φησίν.

GER

Aspasia
Sowohl die anderen Sokratiker erwähnen sie oft als auch Platon im Menexenos behauptet, dass Sokrates die Politik von ihr lernte. Und sie war nämlich milesischer Abstammung und ängstlich wegen der Worte. Und über Perikles sagen sie, dass sie zeitgleich sowohl seine Lehrerin als auch seine Geliebte war. Und es scheint, dass sie verantwortlich für zwei Kriege war, sowohl den Samischen als auch den Peloponnesischen, wie es durch Duris den Samier und Theophrast aus dem vierten Buch seiner Politik und aus dem Acharneus des Aristophanes zu erfahren ist. Und es scheint, dass Perikles mit ihr zusammen sogar den gleichnamigen Bastard Perikles hatte, wie schon Eupolis in seinen Demen sagt. Und als sie mit Lysikles dem Demagogen zusammenwohnte, bekam sie Poristes, wie der Sokratiker Aischines sagt.

Isocrates 15.111

AG

μετὰ δὲ ταύτας τὰς πράξεις ἐπὶ Σάμον στρατεύσας, ἣν Περικλῆς ἀπὸ διακοσίων νεῶν καὶ χιλίων ταλάντων κατεπολέμησε.

GER

Nach diesen Taten zog er gegen Samos, das Perikles mit zweihundert Schiffen und tausend Talenten unterwarf.

Aristotle Rhetoric 1.7.34

AG

καὶ τὸ μεγάλου μέγιστον μέρος, οἷον Περικλῆς τὸν ἐπιτάφιον λέγων, τὴν νεότητα ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἀνῃρῆσθαι ὥσπερ τὸ ἔαρ ἐκ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ εἰ ἐξαιρεθείη.

GER

Und es ist der größte Teil des Großen, so wie Perikles in seiner Grabrede sagt, dass die Jugend aus der Stadt ausgelöscht ist, als ob der Frühling aus dem Jahr herausgenommen wurde.